Demand And Supply Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Demand And Supply - Case Study Example ld. (Harberger, AC) In an attempt to completely understand and describe the monopoly, causes, types and relevant issues, it becomes necessary to approach the subject from as a simplistic nature as possible, to stay aligned with the underlying microeconomic structure. Based on the fact that within the market place the root of everything comes down to supply and demand, this is altered by monopolistic practices and therefore society tends to disfavor monopolies as practicing on an unfair basis, and creating barriers of entry to firms wishing to enter the market for profit generation, as well as from the perspective of the consumer, being that the monopoly is unfairly regulating prices, by restricting output and therefore is extracting a price without allowing market forces to determine the correct supply and demand balance of the given commodity. Essentially when dealing with a monopoly consumers are at the mercy of the price determination of that monopoly, which they control via total output restriction and subsequent economic welfare reduction. The Existence of the Monopoly The monopoly comes about when there is little or no competition, normally the latter. The monopoly will always persist based on the barriers to entry for any rival company or concern attempting to enter the market place. Barriers to entry protect a monopoly and at times can even be state sponsored, via legal framework or even finance. The barriers to entry for rival firms include: Legal Barriers – these take the form of legal framework where a government will only allow a producer to supply a product, for example if one considers the first class mail deliver in the United States which USPS is the only allowed deliverer. Patents – similar to legal barriers due to the legal framework that will support a holder of a patent, although this issue is debatable around the cost of research and development in the patent creation process. A certain school of thought agreeing with the pate nt barrier, claims government encouraged innovation incentive, whilst others will claim consumer deprivation due to excessive price fixing. Examples would be the pharmaceutical companies that hold patents on medical drugs, Pfizer who manufactures Viagra – they are the patent holders and are therefore the only company entitled to produce and sell the drug. Control of strategic resources – this would entail a holder of mineral rights or mining rights of a commodity that must be present in order to produce the end product. An example is De Beers controlling 90% of the world’s diamond production (Wessels, W.J). Natural Barriers – also called economies of scale. This is related to the mere cost of establishment within a given industry. It is too expensive and capital intensive to enter the market on a profitable basis. An example of this would be the various utility companies in any given economy. One can safely deduce that monopolies will continue to exist, a s long as there are governments who sponsor such activity, as well as when companies are in the position to be able to create a barrier to entry, via

Data Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Data Analysis - Assignment Example Manually (but randomly) select n (20 ≠¤ n ≠¤ 25) countries (do not use any random selection mechanism) to construct the data set. Enter the observations on each of the four variables corresponding to each country you have selected into a Stata data file and save this file. Your Stata data editor should now show a data matrix with dimensions (n X 4) where the value of n is chosen by you as per the requirement. i Select any one independent variable from the three in your dataset and denote it by X. Denote the dependent variable IN by Y. Use a calculator/software and your sample to calculate ∑X, ∑Y, ∑XY and ∑X2. Use these values to write down the pair of ‘normal equations’ the solutions of which give the constant term and the slope of the Ordinary Least Squares line. (15 marks) iv Construct the multiple regression model by denoting the dependent and the selected independent variables using the roman characters Y, X2, X3 and X4, respectively. For example, if you choose Urban population, Literacy Rate and GDP then you should define the model as Run a Stata regression of the dependent variable Y values on the three explanatory variables you have chosen and a constant. Use the regression output to explain why and how the F-statistic was calculated by the software and how it can be used to test for the overall relevance of the regression model. (30

Alcohol Addicted Employees Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alcohol Addicted Employees - Research Paper Example Employers need to take actions to deter alcohol consumption by employees ethically. Businesses should punish alcohol addict employees and treat them to the best of their capacity. Should the businesses punish alcohol addict employees and treating them? Alcohol is a very big problem of society in many countries across the world. While it is considered as one of the essentials for celebration, excessive consumption of alcohol leads to alcohol addiction. Alcohol addiction makes an individual unsuitable for work. Alcohol addicts experience mood swings and lose control of their mind. Overcome with the effects of alcohol, they say things to others that they do not really mean. They become violent in arguments and have a tendency to abuse people around them both verbally and physically. Owing to its negative sociological, psychological, and physical consequences as well as being a potential threat for businesses, alcohol addiction cannot be tolerated in the workplace, so employers should ta ke all possible measures to deter alcohol consumption among the employees. Businesses should punish alcohol addict employees because alcohol is not appropriate for the regulation of anger. Alcohol addicts lose their minds if they happen to indulge in an argument. While they deal with things on a personal level, unnecessary and out of place argument with a client or a customer is detrimental to the interests of the organization. Businesses should punish alcohol addicts because alcoholism makes an individual untrustworthy. Alcohol addicts follow the drive and mood created after consuming alcohol. For many alcohol addicts, dealing with alcohol and its consequences is a life-long process. Many alcohol addicts cannot help themselves and consume it knowing how bad it is for them at a range of levels. Alcohol addicts cannot be trusted. They can storm out of the office to get alcohol any time without caring about work. Alcohol happens to be the most beloved thing and the top-most priority i n the life of alcohol addicts. Work comes secondary which can be risky for the organization as a whole. Alcohol addicts can leave the whole team in the middle of a problem and back out from playing their role as expected by the rest of the team members. Owing to the display of such behavior, alcohol addicts are not trustworthy or reliable. Businesses should punish alcohol addict employees because this habit of these employees can incur the employers' cost. Depending upon which area the business is located in, employers are responsible for the wellbeing of their employees. Employers are required by the government to pay taxes and insurance premiums for their employees in certain areas. Alcohol addict employees have a tendency to incur the employers unnecessary and avoidable cost. Health insurance premiums for such employees are higher. They are likely to take more days off from work thus compromising upon work and productivity and incurring the employer its cost. Similarly, there are a number of other ways in which alcohol addict employees charge their employers with cost and inconvenience. Punishing alcohol addict employees is part of the way how business entrepreneurs and employers should deal with such employees; treating the alcohol addict employees is the other part. Alcoholism is treatable.  

Data Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Data Analysis - Assignment Example Manually (but randomly) select n (20 ≠¤ n ≠¤ 25) countries (do not use any random selection mechanism) to construct the data set. Enter the observations on each of the four variables corresponding to each country you have selected into a Stata data file and save this file. Your Stata data editor should now show a data matrix with dimensions (n X 4) where the value of n is chosen by you as per the requirement. i Select any one independent variable from the three in your dataset and denote it by X. Denote the dependent variable IN by Y. Use a calculator/software and your sample to calculate ∑X, ∑Y, ∑XY and ∑X2. Use these values to write down the pair of ‘normal equations’ the solutions of which give the constant term and the slope of the Ordinary Least Squares line. (15 marks) iv Construct the multiple regression model by denoting the dependent and the selected independent variables using the roman characters Y, X2, X3 and X4, respectively. For example, if you choose Urban population, Literacy Rate and GDP then you should define the model as Run a Stata regression of the dependent variable Y values on the three explanatory variables you have chosen and a constant. Use the regression output to explain why and how the F-statistic was calculated by the software and how it can be used to test for the overall relevance of the regression model. (30

Stress Adaptation and the Psycho-Physiological Effects on the Body Essay Example for Free

Stress Adaptation and the Psycho-Physiological Effects on the Body Essay ‘Tension is who you think you should be. Relaxation is who you are. ’ So says the Chinese proverb, (The Quote Garden, 2010) and in this writer’s opinion, the phrase is accurate, in a very broad sense. Tension, or stress can be defined as the ‘arousal of the mind and body in response to demands made on them’ (Schafer, 2000). Schafer emphasises repeatedly in his definitions of stress that it is the person’s response to these demands, rather than the demands themselves which can influence stress. Stress depends very much on a person’s interpretation of an event (Burton, Weston Kowalski, 2009), and as a result of this interpretation, the adaptive responses that the body and mind activate to cope. The purpose of this essay is to explain the body’s physiological processes for adapting to stress, and also to look at psychosocial sources of stress and possible defence mechanisms used for coping. These discussions will be illustrated by the use of the following case study. In this case study, a woman who is sharing a car pool is often suffering from minor illnesses and has recently been diagnosed as having a stress related illness. As stress itself is not necessarily a negative impact, it would be reasonable to presume that the woman’s arousal level is either too high or too low, causing her stress to become distress (Schafer, 2000). We are exposed to stress daily and in a multitude of ways that may at first seem meaningless, such hearing someone begin to speak or seeing a movement in our peripheral vision. Although these events may seem mundane, our body reacts to even these small events by setting in motion the stress response. Schafer (2000) states that even while talking a person’s blood pressure usually rises and then falls immediately afterwards. These initial stress responses are the body’s way of preparing itself for physical reaction if necessary, either by fleeing from a threat or facing it. This is commonly known as the fight-or-flight response (Burton, et al, 2009), which helps both animals and humans alike prepare to respond immediately when facing perceived danger. The stress response begins with perception. Stressors are perceived by the peripheral nervous system (PNS) via the somatic nervous system through sensory impulses (Brannon Feist, 2004); for example, stressors may be seen by the eyes, or heard or even felt, smelt or tasted. These sensations send afferent neurons to relay information to the brain via the reticular activating system (RAS). Even before messages are sent to the cerebral cortex via the RAS the limbic system will attach emotion to these messages. The limbic system and more specifically the amygdala are involved with the interpretation of emotion (Burton et al, 2009), and since stress is often emotion related this interpretation plays a big part in how stressors are perceived. The emotion-tagged messages are then sent on to the cerebral cortex for further high-level interpretation. Before a reaction occurs a more advanced mental process must interpret and then appraise the stressor (Asterita, 1985; Lovallo, 1997, as cited in Schafer, 2000). This takes place in the cerebral cortex, which is exceedingly more advanced in humans than in animals due to the vast number of cortical cells, allowing humans to give more complex thought to stressors (Schafer, 2000). Perhaps due to this higher level of processing Schafer (2000) proposes that an individual’s reality can be set by their own interpretations of events: whether to the good or detriment of the individual. Some information is first sent to the hypothalamus which also interprets non-conscious information, and through the autonomic nervous system can activate the sympathetic nervous system through which arousal occurs to aid the body in coping with the stress. This can work by activating the adrenal medulla, which secretes hormones into the bloodstream, such as adrenaline which acts on the liver, causing it to send more glucose into the bloodstream for a ready source of energy (Burton et al, 2009), vital in escape from danger. In the woman in the case study, daily stressors will send these hormones through her body allowing her to temporarily cope with high stress situations. Adrenaline may secrete if she panics realising she is running out of time and needs to be somewhere, at the same time speeding up respiration and elevating body temperature. At the same time the endocrine system is also working in tangent with the sympathetic nervous system, by causing the thyroid to secrete thyroxine into the bloodstream, which increases the rate at which fuel is consumed by the body (Schafer, 2000). The pituitary gland also secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which works to stimulate the adrenal gland, and as this increases sex hormone production declines, which can explain why interest in sex can also decline during stressful times (Schafer, 2000). On the Holmes-Rahe life events scale for rating stress, sex difficulties are listed as one of the top 15 life stressors (Holmes Rahe, 1967, as cited in Burton et al, 2009). So, loss of interest in sex can be caused by stress, but is also in itself a stressor, thereby creating further stress. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), identified by Hans Seyle (1974) consists of three stages; alarm, resistance and finally exhaustion. If the woman in our case study is suffering from stress related illness, it is likely that she has been exposed to some level of stress for a continual period of time. When the stress first began, her body would have reacted as described above, in preparation for ‘flight or fight’. This is the first stage of the GAS—alarm. Her body could not remain in this stage however, and has now proceeded to the second phase—resistance. In this stage, her parasympathetic nervous system have normalised her heart rate and respiration, however her blood glucose levels and adrenaline remain elevated. In this stage, her body has begun to adapt to the stress – however it remains on high alert (Burton et al, 2009). She is experiencing illness and minor maladies because all of her defences are being used to help her cope with the stressors in her life, and there are none left to protect her body against illness. When someone is in the second phase of GAS for an extended amount of time, the person may engage in behaviours to create a new balance between the stressor and their ability to adjust to it called coping mechanisms (Kunert, 2005) or adaptive behaviours. These could include activities such as engaging in an hour of meditation after a long hectic day at work to relieve tension, learning a new skill that may help with an increased workload, or using the services of a financial planner to assist with money worries. While there are many adaptive behaviours that people can engage to help with coping, there are also many maladaptive behaviours. These could include social withdrawal to avoid appearance anxiety, and addictions such as to prescribed medicine taken to help with anxiety, or alcohol addiction. Alcohol has commonly been theorised as a coping mechanism for stress. The tension-reduction hypothesis states that motivation to drink alcohol increases with perceived stress levels (Conger, 1956 as cited in Rice Van Arsdale, 2010; and Rice Van Arsdale, 2010). Rice and Van Arsdale (2010) in their studies found stronger links between stress and drinking for women compared to men. Considering this information the woman in the case study may turn to alcohol to cope with the perceived stress upon her. The third and last stage of the GAS is exhaustion. If the woman in the case study remains in the resistance phase for too long, her body will eventually wear down, her physiological defences will be exhausted, resulting in greater exposure to a serious or even life-threatening disease. Vulnerable organs such as the heart are the first to go during this stage (Burton et al, 2009). There are many studies that have related psychosocial factors as contributing to perceived stress (Kunert, 2005). Psychosocial sources of stress are vast; each person’s experience of the social environment, including family, friends, school, work, church, neighbourhood, community, region and nation can be a source of stress (Schafer, 2000). Environmental or economic factors may also be a source of stress. Deteriorating economy can cause job-insecurity and limited resources, as with limited money and resources coping strategies become limited to what is available and affordable. The woman in the case study many have monetary issues which are causing her continued stress, as money problems are not usually something that can be remedied swiftly, except in the case of an unexpected windfall just as a lotto win or unexpected inheritance. She might also be experiencing relationship troubles with her family or partner, which may also need significant time to resolve. Sometimes, when people aren’t able to confront their stressor directly to try to cope they will use defence mechanisms as a coping tool instead. Some common defence mechanisms are denial, repression and projection (Morris Maisto, 2005). The woman in the case study may use denial to cope with her stress. For example, if the others in the car pool with her were to say to her that her husband should be helping her more with her daily jobs she may defend her husband’s character vehemently (even to herself), even if she does agree with them but feels she cannot rectify the situation with her husband. Another defence mechanism she may use could be projection of emotion toward one thing onto another. If her boss has reprimanded her at work for something, and then a family member admonishes her without intent she may take out her frustrations on the family member in place of her boss to whom she cannot. In conclusion, stress is as much biological process as it is psychological. The woman in the case study would be experiencing many internal physiological coping strategies that will aid her to fight or flight if necessary, but if kept in this state perpetually the body will eventually wear itself out leaving her exposed to illness. Her perceived stress could have come from a number of sources in her social environment, and in addition to internal coping strategies she may use defence mechanisms or maladaptive behaviour to further assist her in coping. We all experience stress. It is how the individual perceives the stress and copes with it that will ultimately influence our experience of the world.

Importance Of Reflection In Personal And Professional Development Nursing Essay

Importance Of Reflection In Personal And Professional Development Nursing Essay Reflection is an act of training that is adaptable or a method which encourages independent knowledge that points to progress learners mind and analytical thinking abilities. It aims to link the space amongst model and exercise, express the interaction of services, information and the context of health care ( Mamede, et al., 2012). As a student, it is good to have a bright reflection to balance whats actually going on around; at times it might require lots of recollecting and time. Some many aims are called for reflecting on procedure, like improving practice healthy, making others understand that their thoughts or doing are not effective as it ought to be given satisfaction. The reflection could also be an experience where one can recall knowledge and think how to assess it to solve a solution. The importance of reflection in many professions such as nursing, doctors and teaching has helped the profession services to improve their level of skills for future functioning by assessing the state, level of errors that has occurred previously and find a better solution to it against the future. It has given stronger thoughts around the caring of a lifetime and work they desire, better assurance in the selections they desire. It has created better self-confidence in the services, potentials and qualities they produce for the profession of their choice. It has also made professional life remaining in a progress side to contest for occupations as well as giving the sense and abilities to examine their skills, private abilities and capabilities with managers. Finally it has help in good problem-solving and design services. Reflection is the heart of effective learning to the development of all professionals simply because it allows everyone to learn from practice. Reflective practice has different methods of dealing with issues such as self and peer assessment, problem-based knowledge; personal development planning and assembly work can altogether be expanded to back a reflective methodology. In discussing how reflective practice can be used in professional body to ensure continuing professional development. When the concept of reflective practice was initiated by Donald Schà ¶n (1983) schools, colleges and every education area started planning educator teaching and professional development plans centered on this idea. The significance of reflective in educational module is to ensure more planning and it will expose a choice of styles. It will identify different way in which team partners select to reflect on specific actions. Action study is an instrument of program training containing of continuous response that aims particular problems in a specific group setting (Hopkins Antes, 1990). By means of this, it develops a standard idea in teacher learning curriculums. The trainer mentor as academic and role example inspires students to place philosophies theyve studied into practice in their schoolrooms. Involving myself in a professional development institutions is a way to combine reflection into practice. The reflective medical health method has been introduced in some occupation area and it has developed into the work series in one way to the other, all the way through appraisals or assessment. Normally, its a ways of accepting personal accountability for issues like: Their continuous practiced development (CPD). Creating a reasonable and sensible assessment of their personal work. Distinguishing their personal powers and anywhere they want to make a values influence to a team or workforce. Knowing their personal limits and recognizing the education they want to advance my working. Be aware of their own performance with others and accepting accountability for their activities. The ability to know when they should make a valuable impacts to a group dialogs and when not and seeing ways of educating individual also team functioning. The question about reflective practice is how does it delivery and improve quality care when change is introduced with a service or management or how can one understand if these changes benefit the service users. Everyday group and monitoring of client information can be a good practice for this. The procedure of measuring and evaluating the benefit can be signified to as the performance pointers subject to what is about to be measured. Some of the tools used to measure the results of therapy can support organization to see the importance of incoming information if this data are exercised to recover client care. This information needs to be interpreted into significant evidence that could notify choice creation at home and organization level if they are going to implement good practice. Performance pointers are goals set by a team, sector or service, at time it may be detailed to success of standards, lessening the time of waiting or client release. The performance pointers can be amended over time and reflect the development of correction in a team and this has been witnessed in the change of models used in different sectors. Being reflective in a team, it will help to prove that health worker, professionals are vigorously worried around the goals and penalties of the labour they are responsible for, allows all individuals to screen, assess and study their own training constantly. It makes them to be observed sensibly at training, instruction to acquire new competencies and empathetic and the needs for unbiased approach. It also improves professional knowledge and individual satisfaction throughout teamwork and conversation between practitioners. In a precise case of the nursing professions in a care home setting (Appendices 1.), it is advised that the professional to recognize, respect and perform actions that will protect the persons right to make a decision about their health, cure, and well-being, turning them excused from any kind of unfairness (Gardiner, 2003). It also compels them to execute or contribute to health care without the approval of the patient, apart from in cases of looming risk of death (Volbrecht, 2002). Hence, any nursing intervention is required to be voted on the bioethics principles of malfeasance, non-malfeasance, beneficence, and autonomy and it can only be conducted with the permission of involving person, based on sufficient information (American Nurses Association, 2001). Conclusion The need for bathing in this case certainly has created an ethical dilemma to the care giver, because this procedure involves the collision of two fundamental rights: the basic right to health and the right of denial due to personal values or past experience. Caregivers know that force bathing is basically acting against the patients rights according to nursing guidelines and realization of the fact is also imperative that experience of force bathing will create even more complexities in the future care management of Mr. James. Although, bathing him very important for his health yet this situation requires health care giver professional to make a decision in favor of the pervasiveness of the dignity as the boundary and bottom for her other rights these dilemmas in the case of Mr. James can be solved by means of alternative counseling. Caregivers in such a situation require to make deepening understanding of Mr. James mental block and difficult behavior. As a caregiver first task was to collect complete information about this difficult behavior of Mr. James from him and his family members, Mr. James was encouraged to speak of his previous bad experience; it requires patients to bear harshness and indecent language. After gathering the fact related to his behavior next step was to evaluate the situation which required the identification of problem, solution and alternative option. The caregiver decides to convince Mr. James to have a bath continuously. The strategy adopted was instead of making him bath care givers started to ask him on routine would he like to have a bath, the advantages of having a bath and disadvantages of not having were lightly and repeatedly presented to him. Being a care givers professional I decided that an ongoing attempt to persuade Mr. James to have a bath will keep going till he himself agree to have a bath but he will not be forced bath and his personal dignity will be kept supreme. Appendices 1 MR. James was admitted in the care care Home where I am doing my placement suffering from memory loss. He was accompanied by family and was skeptical about my ability to give him bed bath as a result of some abuses he had received in the past and competency. However , after much talk and the senior carer appeal to him to allow me to give him bed bath that he will okay yet Mr. James was just behaving funny using swearing words and turns deaf ear. Some family of Mr. James member also joins to talk to him but he refuses.

Troubled Years :: English Literature Essays

Troubled Years When William Shakespeare first started writing, He had problems with two fires that almost wiped out his house. He was forced to get married quickly.He had problems finding good actors, and later experienced writer's block. Even though Shakespeare was a great writer, he had many problems, which got in the way of his writing. William and his family have had problems with fires and other disasters. In 1554, part of Stratford was burned down. Shakespeare's house was almost burnt down but because there was a creek near the house it was saved (Levi 145). In 1555 there was another fire, even though fires were common then many houses and buildings were burnt down, but his house was not harmed (Levi 145). When William was about twelve, his father's fortunes began to take a dive. Though the reason for this is debated, many think that John Shakespeare neglected his family business and was involved in many lawsuits. As a result of their debt, John had to transfer land and mortgage his wife's estate. By 1578, the family became so poor that they didn't have to pay the local taxes. William left school at thirteen to help on the farm (Quennell 133). When he was older and first started writing his plays, many people did not like them, because of this, he became very discouraged and almost stopped (Halliday 158). Once Sh akespeare got started his performances nearly doubled. He had trouble keeping up on all the work and he could not write as much as he had before (Halliday 164). Throughout Shakespeare's career, he had many problems with actors. When Shakespeare hit it big, he had to find a lot of good actors to fill in the parts of his plays. He had many problems finding enough actors that were good enough. Also, when he had to do plays like Romeo and Juliet, he had to find a young man who could play a 14-year-old girl. This was very hard to do (Levi 148). When Shakespeare was known, he had almost no competition so he was able to not write as much and still be successful (Levi 144). Sometimes the inns that the players were meant to stay at were full; the actors were forced to sleep outside and on dirty floors (Ordish 422). In January 1593, the plague forced many London theaters to close because of the fear that the disease would spread.